LITOPAEDIA

James Joyce (James Augustine Aloysius Joyce) was born on 2nd February 1882, Ireland, was noted for the experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods. He is still regarded as Ireland's most influential writer. his major works include Ulysses (1992), Finnegans Wake(1939) and A Portrait of the artist as a young man (1916). he is also the author of short story collections - Dubliners (1914) and collection of poetry which includes Chamber Music (1907), Pomes Penyeach (1927), etc., Joyce's novels had the grip of innovative language, use of dialogue, characteristics modernists forms and social frankness met with resistance when they first appeared in print - Ulysses, as a result, it was banned in the United States from 1922 until 1933.

"Love loves to love love" James Joyce's Ulysses is widely considered to be both a literary masterpiece and one of the hardest work in literature to read. Written in 1918, first published in instalments between March 1918 and December 1920 in an American Journal - The Little Review. As a novel, it was first published in 1922. This novel inspires such devotion that once a year on a day called 'Bloomsday' thousands of people all over the world dress up like the characters take to the streets and read the book aloud, and some even make a pilgrimage to Dublin, just to visit the places so vividly depicted in Joyce's opus. There are few remarkable things about the book, that keeps people coming back -  the plot. It transpires over a single day - June 16, Thursday. The whole novel takes place on a single day - June 16, Thursday 1904, it was a special day for Joyce, as this was the day when he met Nora Barnacle, his future wife. During this day, the thre

STANZA WISE EXPLANATION Stanza - 1 I wander thro' each charter'd street, Near where the charter'd Thames does flow. And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe. The speaker in the first stanza states that he walked through the streets of London near the River Thames and whomsoever he meets, he finds a sign of weakness and unhappiness in their face. Stanza - 2 In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice: in every ban, The mind-forg'd manacles I hear In the second stanza, the speaker explains the mental and physical state of the people. he states that every sound he hears, whether its the cry of a man or the cry of the child, he realizes that the people are trapped in every way - mentally as well as physically. Stanza - 3 How the Chimney-sweepers cry Every blackning Church appalls, And the hapless Soldiers sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls In the third stanza, the speaker talks about the ruinin

Language and structure of the poem The structure of the poem is in the form of Repetitive Structure The poem is written in quatrains - Stanza of four lines each The rhyming scheme of the poem is ABAB Repetition is the key point in the poem The repetition of words, rhyming scheme and the stanza structure reflects how the life of suffering is repetitive and inescapable There is no relief from this suffering because it's a result of the choices of those in powerful positions - they are the only people who could do something about it Stanza one and two focuses on the people who are suffering Stanza three explores the cause of suffering - highlights the church, industrialization, landowners, monarchy and the government The final stanza returns to those who are suffering again By ending with the same topic as the poem began with - implementing a cynical, repetitive structure - which once again highlights the inescapable fate of those in the city.

Willaim Blake was a 19th-century writer and artist, was regarded as the seminal figure of the Romantic age . Born in 1757 in London, began writing at an early age. Blake respected Bible but disliked organized religion such as the church of England . He often wrote about rebelling against the misuse of power and class. Blake died in 1827 , London. Apart from his various works, Blake's most celebrated works are 'Songs of Innocence (1789)' and 'Songs of Experience (1794)' . After the publication of the latter, both are regarded as the companion piece of another. 'Songs of Innocence' focused on the simple moral lessons for children to learn emphasizing nature. Whereas on the other hand 'Songs of experience (1794)' focused on the much harder, harsher view of the corrupted world by humans, and in terms of the power and conflict cluster ' London ' which is characterized under ' Songs of Experience ' can be seen as a critique of hum

1. Virginia Woolf (1882 - 1941) Famous English writer Virginia Woolf suffered from serious depression after she finished writing her last book. She was also one of those who were affected by the post-war world order. In 1941, she filled her pockets with stones and jumped into the Ouse River. 2. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) American author Ernest Hemingway lived an extraordinary life. He suffered from depression, paranoia and alcoholism during his whole life. He shot himself from the head in the summer of 1961. 3. Sylvia Plath (1932 - 1963) American poet, Sylvia Plath, suffered from extreme bipolar disorder and had to take anti-depressants all her life. Her first suicide attempt was when she was in her sophomore year at Smith College. She, however, graduated as a very successful young woman. In 1963, she left milk and cookies for her little kids, taped the door to make sure the gas couldn't leak into their room and committed suicide by putting her head into the ov

Ravi Shankar the Sitar Maestro in his book Raga Mala argued that had Rabindranath Tagore been born in the west he would now be as revered as Shakespeare and Gothe. Rabindranath Tagore a prolific Bengali poet, writer, painter and music composer reshaped the Bengali literature and music by infusing the colloquial language and freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. Tagore wrote his first poem when he was eight. He was the first Non - European to receive Nobel Prize in Literature for his masterpiece Geetanjali - Song offerings(1913). He was very influential in introducing Indian culture to the west and was hailed by W.B Yeats and André Gide. Though Tagore is praised all over the world, for the Bengali natives he has been and remains an altogether exceptional literary figure. Among his numerous notable poems, Unending love has its unique stature. The poem Unending love states the concept of eternal love between man and woman. This poem was Audrey Hepburn's

Rabindranath Tagore,( Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur) was a prolific Bengali poet, short story writer, song composer, playwright, essayist and painter. This Bengali polymath reshaped the Bengali literature and music by infusing the colloquial language and freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. Tagore wrote his first poem when he was eight. He was the first Non - European to receive Nobel Prize in Literature for his masterpiece Geetanjali - Song offerings(1913). He was very influential in introducing Indian culture to the west and was hailed by W.B Yeats and André Gide.

I seem to have loved you in numberless forms, numberless times… In life after life, in age after age, forever. My spellbound heart has made and remade the necklace of songs, That you take as a gift, wear round your neck in your many forms, In life after life, in age after age, forever. Whenever I hear old chronicles of love, its age-old pain, Its ancient tale of being apart or together. As I stare on and on into the past, in the end you emerge, Clad in the light of a pole-star piercing the darkness of time: You become an image of what is remembered forever. You and I have floated here on the stream that brings from the fount. At the heart of time, love of one for another. We have played along side millions of lovers, shared in the same The shy sweetness of meeting, the same distressful tears of farewell- Old love but in shapes that renew and renew forever. Today it is heaped at your feet, it has found its end in you The love of all man’s days both past and forever: Universal joy, unive

“Memories came to life were so vivid, so detailed, I knew them to be real, too real. Or is it madness?...” This research paper is an attempt to explore the inner conflicts faced by the female characters in Anita Desai’s Cry the Peacock and Voices in the City. To begin with, there are so many dimensions to study women and the day to day conflicts faced by them. 'Renouncing female’ characters is one of the common episodes in the novels chosen for the study. The portrayal of female characters represents the socio-cultural shaping of femininity and bounce – aback ability of women towards patriarchy and constraints posed by it. Womenfolk – have been suppressed, oppressed, repressed and victimize in all spheres of life, not only in India but in most cultures throughout the globe. In the postmodern critique, one traditionally believes that ruthlessness is present everywhere where the proselytizing effect of  'Modernity' has laid hands on. In short, women have succeeded to maintain